Gravitational-wave detector GEO600 enters continuous operation

Sensitivity vastly improved

June 02, 2006

The joint German-British Gravitational Wave Detector GEO600 has now entered an 18-month run of continuous measurement after concluding the optimization process. “If there is a supernova in our vicinity during the next couple of months, our chances of detecting and measuring the resulting gravitational waves are good. The first step towards gravitational wave astronomy has been taken, at last allowing us to observe the 96% of our universe which have been hidden to us up to now" says Prof. Dr. Karsten Danzmann, head of the International Center for Gravitational Physics which is jointly run by the Max Planck Society and the University of Hannover. Data is taken in conjunction with the two US LIGO observatories.

The sensitivity of the GEO600 detector has been continuously improved since the start of test runs in 2002. „We could only reach out towards a small fraction of our own galaxy, the Milky Way, in those days. Today our sensitivity has increased by a factor of 3000 and we can detect events in distances many times greater than the distance between us and our galactic neighbour, the Andromeda Galaxy” Karsten Danzmann explains.

The direct measurement of gravitational waves is one of the most profound challenges of modern physics as it will allow us to observe the hitherto inaccessible and, at 96%, greater part of our universe. "We are very curious and eager to see what new insights we will gain. We are opening a wholly new chapter in the long history of astronomy with the direct observation of the "dark side" of our universe – Black Holes, Dark Matter and the reverberations of the Big Bang", says Prof. Danzmann.

GEO600 is the most modern Michelson laser interferometer in the world. Its laser beams run in two underground vacuum tubes which are 600 m long. The GEO600 gravitational wave detector incorpo- rates lasers of unmatched stability, absorption-free optics, a highly sophisticated vibration damping arrangement and an innovative signal enhancement system. The technology developed in Hannover will also be implemented in the next generation of the US LIGO observatories.

Background information

Listening to the dark side of the Universe
GEO 600 allows a final test of Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity and serves as a completely new kind of telescope. Vast parts of the Universe are obscured by dark clouds and cannot be observed by means of conventional astronomical techniques (using light or radio waves). However, gravitational waves pass these clouds unhindered. Furthermore, the Universe consists up to 96% of the enigmatic Dark Matter and Dark Energy from that we only know that these interact with gravity. Thus gravitational wave astronomy will come up with exact information on the distribution of neutron stars and black holes in the Universe as well as on the detailed course of cosmic catastrophes like the collapse and the explosion of a star (supernova) or the merger of two compact stars or black holes. Even the gravitational waves produced during the Big Bang are expected still to be crossing the Universe thus bearing witness to the origin of our World. The observation of waves from binary star systems allows us to determine the expansion of the Universe with a high degree of accuracy. All this will substantially broaden our knowledge of the creation, composition, development, and fate of the Universe.

Gravitational waves – ripples in space-time
In his general theory of relativity Albert Einstein (1879–1955) depicts a completely new view of gravitation. In contrast to Newton it is not a force, but a consequence of the geometry of space-time. In general relativity space is described by means of a curved geometry instead of a flat one. Furthermore, it is influenced by the distribution of matter and energy in the Universe. The basic idea of general relativity is: Matter tells space-time how to curve and space-time tells matter how to move. The path of a moving mass is thus influenced by the warping of space produced by another mass. This is the cause of the apparent attraction between masses. Moving masses give rise to perturbations in space-time that spread in all directions. In this way a wave phenomenon arises that propagates with the speed of light, a gravitational wave.

How to measure gravitational waves
Gravitational waves are disturbances in the curvature of space-time caused by the motions of matter. Though gravitational waves pass straight through matter, their strength weakens proportionally to the distance travelled from the source. A gravitational wave arriving on Earth will alternately stretch and shrink distances, though on an extraordinarily small scale. That’s why it is not possible to create detect- able gravitational waves in the lab. The field for the observation of gravitational waves is therefore the Universe where very large masses (e.g. neutron stars and black holes) are moving very fast. But even in the most favourable case (a supernova within the Milky Way) the gravitational wave changes the Earth – Sun distance only about the diameter of an atom, merely for several hundredths of a second. Since one wants to observe gravitational waves from neighbouring galaxies, too, one has to be more sensitive by a factor of 1000: With a measuring distance of about 1 km a distortion of a thousandth of the diameter of an atomic nucleus has to be detected. This means a relative sensitivity of 10−21.
The tiny distortions are measured by means of a laser interferometer. The incident laser beam is divided; both partial beams propagate along the interferometer arms (600 m), are reflected and then recombined at a photo detector. The lengths of the arms are chosen in such a way that the returning light waves are always 180°out of phase so that they cancel each other out and the output is dark (‘destructive interference’). If a gravitational wave changes the lengths of both arms, the relative phase changes, and the beams no longer annihilate: at the output a signal can be seen. – By means of additional mirrors the light going back to the laser as well as the signal at the output can be superposed several times with itself and thus be amplified (“dual recycling”). Signal recycling is a speciality of GEO600.

GEO600 technology: A front-line technical challenge
The detection of gravitational waves is a front-line technical challenge. In every aspect of the detector one has to go beyond the limits of existing technology: laser stabilisation, optics without absorption, control engineering, vibration isolation, data acquisition and data processing. Only the further develop- ment of these branches, initiated by GEO600, made a gravitational wave detector possible. At the same time GEO600 had to manage with a material budget of only 7 Mio. Euro (while the whole budget of both US LIGO detectors was $ 365 million). The realisation of this project at the forefront of research has thus been enabled only by innovative ideas, reduction to the essentials, and manufacturing of most parts by our own workshop. Without the enthusiasm and the help of our diploma and PhD students GEO600 would not have been realised.

GEO600: Part of a worldwide network of gravitational wave detectors
GEO600 is part of a worldwide network of gravitational wave detectors. Two detectors have been constructed in the USA (LIGO detectors in Hanford/Washington and Livingston/Louisiana) and one each in Italy (Virgo: measurement will begin probably at the end of 2006) and Japan (TAMA 300). One can only be sure not to be confused by local perturbations if measurements are made in coincidence with a dis- tant detector. If one wants to obtain further information on the position of the source as well as on the time structure and mode of oscillation of the waves, one needs at least four detectors. Therefore all the projects have agreed to exchange their data. GEO600 serves at the same time as a source of new ideas and as an experimental lab for the technical improvements that are needed for the second generation of detectors.

Limits on detection
The performance of GEO600 is limited because various disturbing sources produce fluctuations ('noise') of the output signal thus mimicking or hiding a gravitational wave signal: For signals with fre- quencies between > 30 Hz and 100 Hz, beam position fluctuations predominate the noise spectrum, even though the researchers manage to adjust the laser beam at the mirrors – 600 m far away – within the range of a tenth of a human hair. For frequencies above 100 Hz, a combination of the light's quan- tum noise (shot noise), thermal noise and stray light limits the accuracy of GEO600. Shot noise is a fundamental limit due to the wave/particle nature of light. Thermal noise comes from the Brownian mo- tion of the molecules of the mirrors. Even a minor amount of light power, scattered for instance at dust particles or at the mirror's roughness, is able to fake a gravitational wave signal by means of interference with the main laser beam. Heavy earthquakes (6 or more on the Richter scale) pose a problem for all gravitational wave detectors. Such a quake, no matter where on Earth, produces seismic motions that stop every measurement for some time.

GEO600 – technical data

Vacuum tube:

2 × 600 m length, 60 cm diameter, 0.8 mm thick

Vacuum:

pressure < 10−8 mbar
Laser: diode pumped Nd:YAG-Laser @ 1064 nm
Laser power: 10 W output power (single mode)
Light intensity in the interferometer: up to 2 kW
Signal recycling: up to 100 times
Optics: fused silica super mirrors with 18 or 24 cm diameter
Frequency range: 50 Hz to 2 kHz
Relative sensitivity: 170 zeptometer (1.7 x 10-19) for 1 Hz band width

Partners
GEO600 is a joint project of the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) in Potsdam and Hannover, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Cardiff University and University of Glasgow. 
There are four operational gravitational wave detectors at present. In 2015 LISA, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, will collect gravitational wave data in Space. The Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics is also involved in this development.

Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Potsdam and Hannover
Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, Garching 
Leibniz Universität Hannover 
University of Glasgow
Cardiff University 
University of Birmingham 
University of York 
Universitat de les Illes Balears

GEO600 is funded by:
The federal state of Lower Saxony 
Volkswagen Foundation 
Max Planck Society 
Federal Ministry of Education and Research 
Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC), UK

GEO600 Directors
Prof. Dr. Karsten Danzmann, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics and Leibniz Universität Hannover 
Prof. Dr. James Hough, University of Glasgow 
Prof. Dr. Bernard Schutz, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics

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